Indlela yokwandisa ubude be-QT450 ductile iron ukuya ngaphezu kwe-22%?

Singakwazi njani ukonyusa ubude ukuya kuthi ga kwi-22% ngelixa sigcina amandla afanayo okuqina? Oku kufuna ukuqala kwi "microstructure" kunye nokwenza uhlengahlengiso lwenkqubo esulungekileyo. 

Umbono ongundoqo: Yandisa iplastiki kunye nokuqina kwe-matrix ngelixa ugcina amandla awoneleyo. Ngokukodwa, kuthetha ukufumana i-ferrite matrix kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngelixa uqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu weebhola zegraphite. Ezi zilandelayo ziindlela ezithile zobugcisa kunye nemilinganiselo: Okokuqala, ukulungiswa okuchanekileyo kokwakheka kweekhemikhali (esisiseko). Ukuqulunqwa kwe-QT450 yangoku kunokuba nenjongo "yemigangatho yentlanganiso", kwaye ukuphumeza ubude obuphezulu, kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa "ukuhlanjululwa okuphezulu" kunye "nokulinganisela". 

1. I-Carbon Equivalent: Ukwandisa ngokulinganisela, uncike kwisicwangciso sekhabhoni ephezulu: Nangona uqinisekisa ukuba akukho graphite ejikelezayo, zama ukwandisa umxholo wekhabhoni (kucetyiswa i-3.6% -3.9%) kwaye ulawule umxholo we-silicon ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kunokunyusa inani leebhola zegraphite, ukuphucula ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal, ukunciphisa ukuqina kokuqina, kwaye kunenzuzo ekuphuculeni amandla kunye neplastiki. I-carbon equivalent (CE) iyacetyiswa ukuba ilawulwe phakathi kwe-4.3% kunye ne-4.5%. 

2. I-Silicon: Lawula isicwangciso somxholo we-silicon yokugqibela: I-Silicon iyisisombululo esiqinileyo sokuqinisa isisombululo, kunye ne-silicon egqithisileyo iya kunciphisa kakhulu iplastiki. Kwisiseko sokuqinisekisa ukubunjwa kwe-ferrite, lawula umxholo wokugqibela we-silicon (umxholo we-silicon emva kokugalela) kwinqanaba eliphantsi le-2.2% -2.5%. Ukufezekisa oku, ii-agent eziphantsi ze-silicon spheroidizing zingasetyenziswa kwaye i-silicon inokongezwa ngokusebenzisa i-inoculants. 

3. IManganese: UkuNcitshiswa okuBanzi Isiqulatho semanganese kufuneka sincitshiswe ukusuka kwesiqhelo<0.3% ukuya ku<0.15%, kunye nemeko efanelekileyo ye<0.10%. Le yeyona ndlela isebenzayo neyongayo yemichiza yokufikelela umlinganiselo wobude obungaphezulu kwama-22%. 

4. Iphosphorasi nesalfure: Ukucocwa kokugqibela kwe-phosphorus: Ukwenziwa kwe-brittle phosphorus eutectic. Injongo: ≤ 0.03%, iphantsi ingcono. I-Sulfur: Ukusetyenziswa kwee-agent ze-spheroidizing kunye ne-generating inclusions. Umxholo wesulfure wentsimbi yokuqala etyhidiweyo phambi kwe-spheroidization ngu-≤ 0.012%. 

5. Izinto eziphazamisayo: Lawula ngokungqongqo kwaye ubeke iliso kwizinto ezifana ne-titanium, i-chromium, i-vanadium, i-tin, i-antimony, njl. 

Ukusetyenziswa kwee-agent ze-spheroidizing eziqulethe izixa zemihlaba enqabileyo (i-cerium, i-lanthanum) inokunciphisa iziphumo zabo ezinobungozi.

 I-2, Ukomeleza inkqubo ye-spheroidization kunye ne-incubation (ingundoqo) linyathelo eliqinisekileyo lokuphucula umgangatho kunye nobuninzi beebhola zegraphite. 

1. Unyango lwe-Spheroidization: Ukusukela ukuzinza kunye nokuthamba. Spheroidizing agent: Ukukhetha i-magnesium ephantsi, umhlaba onqabileyo ophantsi, kunye ne-high-purity spheroidizing agents. Ngokomzekelo, i-agent ye-spheroidizing enomxholo we-Mg we-5% -6% inokunciphisa ukuthambekela kokuphosa okumhlophe kunye noxinzelelo lwe-shrinkage olubangelwa yi-magnesium eninzi. Inkqubo: Ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-capping kunye ne-wire feeding ukuqinisekisa ukusabela okugudileyo kwe-spheroidization, izinga lokufunxa elizinzileyo, kunye nokunciphisa uthuli olukhanyayo lwe-magnesium. 

2. Unyango lokuchuma: Eyona njongo iphambili kukwandisa kakhulu inani leebhola zegraphite ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-150/mm² kunye nokuphucula ukujikeleza kweebhola. I-arhente yokuchuma: Sebenzisa ii-arhente ezisebenzayo zokuchuma, ezifana nezo zine-strontium, i-barium, kunye ne-zirconium, ezinamandla okuchasa ukuguga kunye nefuthe elihle le-nucleation. Umsebenzi wobugcisa: "Iincubation ezininzi" kufuneka zisetyenziswe! Ukukhulelwa okunye: kuqhutyelwa ngaphakathi kwingxowa ye-spheroidization. Ukukhulelwa okwesibini/okukhaphayo: Oku kubaluleke kakhulu! Ngexesha lokuthulula, i-particle inoculant ecocekileyo yongezwa ngokufanayo kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi ensimbi nge-feeder ezinikeleyo. Inokubonelela ngenani elikhulu lee-crystalline cores ngokukhawuleza, eyona ndlela ingundoqo yokunyusa inani lee-graphite spheres. I-Intratype incubation: Ukuba iimeko ziyakuvumela, seta iibhloko zokufukamela kwisixokelelwano sokugalela ukwenzela ufukamo lwesithathu. 

3, Lungiselela inkqubo yokunyibilika kunye nokupholisa 

I-1 Ukunyibilika: Ukusebenzisa i-iron yehagu ecocekileyo kunye nentsimbi ecocekileyo ecocekileyo ukulawula izinto ezinobungozi ezivela kumthombo. Kunconywa ukuseta iqondo lokushisa phakathi kwe-1530-1560 ℃ kwaye uyivumele ukuba ime kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu elifanelekileyo ukuququzelela intshukumo ephezulu yokubandakanywa. 

2. Izinga lokupholisa: Kwiindawo ezinodonga oluncinci, ukukhawuleza ukupholisa kunokuba luncedo ekunyuseni i-pearlite kunye nokuphucula amandla, kodwa akuhambisani nobude. Kwi-QT450 elandela ubude obuphezulu, izinga lokupholisa kufuneka lincitshiswe ngokufanelekileyo, njengokusebenzisa i-insulation risers, i-sprues yokuqina, ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo zokuphosa (ezifana nokusebenzisa isanti ye-resin endaweni yokubumba isinyithi), njl., Ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-ferrite kunye nokukhula okupheleleyo kwegraphite. 

4, Unyango Ubushushu: Esona siqinisekiso sithembekileyo kukuba ukuba iipropati njengoko uphose asazinzanga emva kohlengahlengiso inkqubo ngasentla (ingakumbi ngenxa yokungalingani eludongeni ukutyeba ebangela pearlite kwezinye iindawo), ngoko ferritization annealing yeyona ndlela inokuthenjwa ukuphumeza izinga elongation ngaphezu kwama-22%. 

Indlela yenkqubo: 

I-1 Inqanaba eliphezulu lokushisa: Ukushisa kwi-900-920 ℃ kwaye ubambe iiyure ze-1-3 (kuxhomekeke kubukhulu bodonga). Injongo kukuguqula yonke i-pearlite ibe yi-austenite. 

2. Inqanaba lobushushu eliphakathi: Ukupholisa kancinci (okanye ukuhambisa ngokuthe ngqo) isithando somlilo ukuya kwi-700-730 ℃ kwaye uyigcine ishushu kwiiyure ezingama-2-4. Eli nqanaba libalulekile njengoko livumela ixesha elaneleyo lekhabhoni ene-supersaturated kwi-austenite ukuba ingene kwi-original graphite spheres, ngaloo ndlela iguqula ngokupheleleyo ibe yi-ferrite. 

3. Ukukhutshwa kwisithando somlilo: Emva koko, inokupholiswa ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-600 ℃ kwaye ikhutshwe kwisithando somlilo ukupholisa umoya. Isiphumo: Emva kolu nyango, ulwakhiwo lwe-matrix lunokufikelela ngaphezu kwe-95% ye-ferrite, kunye nesantya sobude obudlula kalula kwi-22%. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yobukho beebhola zegraphite kunye nokomelezwa kwesisombululo esiluqilima sesilicon, amandla okuqina asenokuhlala azinzile ngaphezulu kwe-450MPa. 

Isishwankathelo kunye neNdlela yokuSebenza 

1. Isimo sokuxilonga: Okokuqala, hlalutya i-metallographic structure (i-ferrite ratio, i-graphite ball morphology kunye nobungakanani) kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali (ingakumbi umxholo we-Mn kunye ne-P) ye-QT450 yakho yangoku.

 2. Beka phambili ulungelelwaniso lwenkqubo: Inyathelo loku-1: Nciphisa umxholo we-Mn ube ngaphantsi kwe-0.15% kunye nolawulo lwe-P kunye no-S. Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukuqinisa ukufakwa, ngokukodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-incubation ehambayo. 

I-3: Lungiselela ukubunjwa kwaye wamkele isisombululo esiphezulu se-carbon kunye ne-silicon ephantsi. 3. Isiqinisekiso sokugqibela: Ukuba ireyithi yokwandisa i-elongation isajikeleza malunga ne-18% -20% emva kokulungelelaniswa kwenkqubo kwaye ayinakho ukuqhawula ngokuzinzileyo kwi-22%, ngoko ke ukwazisa inkqubo ye-ferrite annealing yinto engenakuthintelwa. Inokuzisa rhoqo ukusebenza okufunayo. Ukuba amandla e-tensile akakwazi ukufikelela kwi-megapascals ye-450 kule nkqubo ingentla, yiyiphi i-alloy emele isetyenziswe ukukhusela amandla? Kwiskimu se-QT450 esiqhuba ubude obuphezulu (> 22%), ukuba i-elongation idibana nomgangatho kwaye amandla e-tensile ayancipha, i-nickel inokongezwa ukulungelelanisa amandla. Umsebenzi ongundoqo kunye neenzuzo zokongeza i-nickel 1 Isisombululo esiqinileyo sokuqinisa ngaphandle kokulimaza kakhulu iplastiki: Isici se-nickel siya kuchithwa kwi-matrix ye-ferrite ukwenza isisombululo esiqinileyo, ngaloo ndlela siphucula amandla ngaphandle kokunciphisa kakhulu iplastiki kunye nokuqina. Oku kwahluke kakhulu kwizinto ezifana ne-manganese kunye ne-phosphorus.

 Isiphumo: Xa uzama ukunciphisa umxholo wemanganese kunye nepearlite ukuze ufikelele kubude obuphezulu kakhulu, amandla okuqina asenokutyibilika aye kumda we-450MPa. Ngeli xesha, ukongeza inani elincinci le-nickel kunokubonelela "i-pad yokukhusela" ukuqinisekisa amandla azinzileyo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho. 

2. Ukucoca ulwakhiwo kunye nokuphucula ukufana: I-nickel inokunciphisa ukushisa kwe-austenite yokuguqulwa, okunceda ukucokisa ubungakanani bengqolowa kunye ne-microstructure, ukwenza isakhiwo sokuphosa sibe yinto efanayo, ngaloo ndlela iphucula zombini amandla kunye nokuqina. 

3. Impembelelo yokuqinisa i-pearlite ethambileyo: I-nickel nayo inomdla wokuzinzisa i-pearlite, kodwa umphumo wayo ungaphantsi kakhulu kune-manganese. Ngokulawula umlinganiselo wokongezwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane ininzi ye-ferrite ngelixa uyisebenzisa ukwenza ixabiso elincinci le-pearlite efanelekileyo yokuqinisa. Indlela yokongeza i-nickel ngokwesayensi? Okufunekayo: Ukongezwa kwe-nickel kufuneka kuqhutywe emva kokuphumeza ngokungqongqo zonke izikimu ezisisiseko ezikhankanywe ngasentla (i-Mn ephantsi, i-P / S ephantsi, i-incubation enamandla, njl.). Asinakulindela ukusebenzisa i-nickel ukubuyisela ukusilela kweenkqubo ezisisiseko. 1. Isixa esongezelelweyo kunye nesiphumo esilindelekileyo: Unyibiliko lwenickel ephantsi (0.5% -1.0%): Injongo: Ukubonelela ngesisombululo esiluqilima esisiqilima "njengenethi yokhuseleko" yokomelela. Isiphumo: Phantse kuzo zonke ii-substrates ze-ferritic, amandla okuqina anokongezwa malunga ne-20-40 MPa. Oku kwanele ukunyusa ngokuthe ngcembe amandla kumaxabiso abalulekileyo (afana ne-430-440 MPa) ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-450 MPa, ngelixa kunempembelelo encinci ekwandiseni (kusenokwenzeka ukunciphisa kuphela nge-1-2%), kwaye kulula ukugcina ngaphezulu kwe-22%. Iskimu se-nickel esiphakathi (1.0% -2.0%): Injongo: Ngelixa ukubonelela ngokuqiniswa, kunokwazisa ixabiso elincinci (<10%) le-pearlite. Isiphumo: Ukuphuculwa kwamandla kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-MPa ye-50 okanye ngaphezulu), kodwa ukunyuswa kuya kuncipha kancinci. Ukulawulwa ngononophelo kuyafuneka kwaye uhlengahlengiso kufuneka lwenziwe ngonyango lobushushu. 2. Ukusebenzisana kunye nonyango lobushushu: Njengesisombululo se-cast: Ukuba ufuna ukufezekisa amandla aphezulu kunye ne-plasticity ephezulu kwi-cast state ngaphandle konyango lobushushu, ukongezwa kwe-nickel ephantsi (njenge-0.5%) sisicwangciso esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Isicwangciso sonyango lobushushu: Ukuba sele ukucwangcisile ukufakwa kwe-ferrite, ukubaluleka kokongeza i-nickel kufuneka kuhlolwe kwakhona. I-Anealing iya kuphelisa i-pearlite, kwaye isisombululo esiqinileyo sokuqinisa isiphumo se-nickel siba sinamandla. Okwangoku, ukongezwa kwe-nickel ephantsi kusenokubonelela nge-matrix ye-ferrite esulungekileyo kodwa eyomeleleyo emva kokufakwa. Ukungalungi kunye neengqwalasela zeendleko zokongeza i-nickel ziphezulu: i-nickel yinto ebiza kakhulu ye-alloying eyandisa kakhulu iindleko zempahla ekrwada. Uhlalutyo olungqongqo lweendleko-inzuzo kufuneka lwenziwe. Isiphumo esilinganiselweyo: I-nickel ayiyo "panacea", ayikwazi ukugcina i-substrate embi kunye ne-spheroidization embi, ukufakwa kwe-incubation engaphumeleli, okanye umxholo ophezulu we-Mn/P. Ukuqaliswa okunokwenzeka kokungaqiniseki: Ukongezwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwe-nickel (njenge> 1.5%) kunokuzinzisa i-pearlite eninzi kakhulu, ifuna amaqondo okushisa aphezulu okanye ixesha elide lokubamba ukuphelisa, ukwandisa ubunzima kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kunyango lobushushu, kwaye ekugqibeleni kunokonakalisa izinga lokwandisa. Isiphetho kunye nesindululo sokugqibela sithathela ingqalelo ukongezwa kwe-nickel 'njenge-inshurensi ecoliweyo yokugqibela' kuneyona ndlela iphambili. Indlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kufuneka ibe: 1 Ukubaluleka kokuqala (isiseko kunye nondoqo): Ukusulungekiswa okugqithisileyo: Nciphisa uMn ukuya kwi<0.15%, P<0.03%，S<0.012%。 Ukuchuma okuqinileyo: Sebenzisa ngokuzinzileyo "ixesha elinye lokuchuma+ukuhamba kokuzala", kunye nethagethi yebhola yegraphite count>².150/mm. Ukulungiswa kokuqulunqwa: Ukusebenzisa i-carbon equivalent (~ 4.5%), ukulawula i-Si yokugqibela kwi-2.2% -2.5%. 2. Okwesibini okuphambili (uvavanyo kunye nokulungiswa kakuhle): Emva kokuphumeza ngokungqongqo isicwangciso sokuqala esiphambili, galela iibha zovavanyo kwaye uvavanye ukusebenza kwazo. Ukuba isiphumo sibonisa ukuba izinga lokwandisa lidlula kakhulu i-22% (efana ne-25% okanye ngaphezulu), kodwa amandla aguquguqukayo phakathi koluhlu lwe-440-450 MPa, iphezu kokufikelela kumgangatho. Ngoko isigqibo: Okwangoku, ukongeza malunga ne-0.5% ye-nickel lolona khetho lungcono. Inokufezekisa amandla azinzileyo ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu (kunye nempembelelo encinci kwi-elongation) kwaye inexabiso eliphezulu kakhulu. 3. Okwesithathu okuphambili (isiqinisekiso sokugqibela): Ukuba ukusebenza kusengazinzanga ngenxa yobunzima bodonga lokuphosa okanye izinga lokupholisa, i-ferritization annealing sisisombululo sokugqibela nesithembekileyo. Ngaphantsi kwenkqubo ye-annealing, nangaphandle kokufaka i-nickel, phantse isoloko ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla (ukuxhomekeka kwisisombululo esiqinileyo sokuqinisa iibhola zegraphite kunye ne-Si) kunye ne-ultra-high elongation (ithembele kwi-ferrite ecocekileyo) ngaxeshanye. Isishwankathelo, i-nickel inokudityaniswa, kodwa "i-tonic" kunokuba "ukutya okusisiseko". Kolu sukelo lokwandiswa kokugqibela, ukongezwa kwe-nickel ephantsi (~0.5%) sisixhobo esikrelekrele esisetyenziswe kwinqanaba lokugqibela "ukugcina amandla ngokuchanekileyo".